Physical appearance Essays

Physical appearance Essays Physical appearance Essay Physical appearance Essay H. D. said that when some somebody is utilizing steroids, he has mental disarranges that expansion when the utilization stops. One issue is tension from the loss of the unrivaled inclination you get from the medication (43). In addition, H. D. takes note of that numerous individuals on the planet also rely upon the impact of steroids which harm their lives a ton. His case shows how an unconfident individual nearly slaughtered his life to accomplish his ideal self-perception. By a similar token, Lesley Owusu gives two models in her article Weighty Issues. She makes reference to that one lady ended it all in view of physical appearance , despite the fact that the lady had a great job. Another case is about a little youngster who experienced a dietary issue (4). Owusu takes note of that the two casualties fought issues with their self-perception and physical appearance (4). As indicated by Carri Kirby, who is an emotional wellness advocate in the University of Nebraska, [people who have] self-perception and dietary issue . look to find their characters ( Owusu 4). Whats more terrible, Owusu takes note of that media makes individuals have an inappropriate idea for their self-perceptions. As such, she focuses that individuals are murdering themselves for unreasonable physical norms directed by our mainstream society (4). Like Owusus focuses, Nicole Overman likewise imagines that society has made its own picture of excellence and everybody spends their own lives fitting in with it (291). At the end of the day, individuals can undoubtedly observe ladies with enormous bosoms all over the place (292). Overman focuses that society sees ladies with ideal bodies as having large bosoms (292). Along these lines, numerous ladies risk harming their wellbeing to accomplish the societys perspective on excellence picture (292). Such a significant number of ladies choose to have restorative medical procedure for bosom inserts. Be that as it may, the symptom of bosom inserts might be terrible. As indicated by some womens experience who have had bosom inserts, [the] impact [is] like devastating weakness, joint agony, and bad tempered skin. For some it was as genuine as being contaminated with provocative rheumatoid joint inflammation, consuming lungs, seizures. (Overman 293). Silicone is the fundamental material for bosom inserts, so silicone may cause womens bosoms to get strong or silicone might be broken. Whats more awful, inserts may move their places from bosoms to neck or armpit (Overman 293). In this manner, these ladies should go through more cash removing them (293). On the opposite side, those ladies who have had bosom inserts are still are disturbed. Overman says, [women] get much more consideration, yet it regularly isnt the consideration they are searching for (294). Men are simply inspired by womens enormous bosoms, rather than their attributes or other physical perspectives (Overman 294). To summarize, the facts confirm that physical appearance assumes a significant job in people groups lives. Nonetheless, individuals can without much of a stretch make up their deformities of their appearance with right ways and ideas. For instance, individuals can stay under control in great habits, or they dont need to concentrate on their physical appearance to an extreme. As I would like to think, everybody has their own characteristics which are extraordinary and alluring. Generally significant of all, as Overman says, [people] need to figure out how to be content with what they have and do whatever it takes not to change whats naturals (294). Also, individuals are assumed to change the estimation of excellence; inward magnificence is a higher priority than physical appearance. [Then] the general public needs to quit characterizing a lady by how enormous her bosoms are (Overman 294). Since people groups estimation of excellence is influenced by the societys picture, the perspective on society is assume to be changed by people groups endeavors. Jenny Jones is a genuine guide to help womens issues on corrective medical procedure. In addition, she intends to give information to understudies in schools in the element that they dont need to think a lot about others perspective on perfect excellence (Overman 294).

Frank Lloyd Wright Essays (1501 words) - Frank Lloyd Wright

Straight to the point Lloyd Wright Straight to the point Lloyd Wright .......having a decent beginning not exclusively do I completely mean to be the best draftsman who has yet lived, yet completely plan to be the best designer who will ever live. Truly, I mean to be the best draftsman ever. - Frank Lloyd Wright 1867-1959 Adolescence Conceived in Richland Center, in southwestern Wisconsin, on June 8, 1867 (now and again detailed as 1869), Frank Lincoln Wright, who changed his own center name to Lloyd, was raised affected by a Welsh legacy. The Lloyd-Jones family, his moms side of the family, affected Wright all through his life. The family was Unitarian in confidence and lived near one another. Significant accentuation inside the Lloyd-Jones family included training, religion, and nature. Wrights family spent numerous nights tuning in to William Lincoln Wright read crafted by Emerson, Thoreau, and Blake. His aunties Nell and Jane opened their very own school, squeezing the methods of reasoning of the German teacher, Froebel. Wright was raised in a agreeable, however absolutely not warm family. His dad, William Carey Wright, who filled in as a minister and an artist, moved from employment to another, hauling his family over the United States. Conceivably because of this change, Wrights guardians separated from when while he was as yet youthful. His mom, Anna, depended vigorously upon her numerous siblings, sisters and uncles, and Wright was mentally guided by his aunties also, his mom. Before Wright was even conceived, his mom had concluded that her child was gong to be an extraordinary modeler. Utilizing Froebels geometric squares to engage and instruct her child, Mrs. Wright more likely than not struck the virtuoso that her child had. Utilization of creative mind was supported and Wright was sans given run of the den filled with glue, paper, and cardboard. On the entryway were the words, SANCTUM SANCTORUM (Latin for spot of sacred security). Wright was viewed as a fantastic and delicate kid, and instances of him fleeing while at the same time chipping away at the farmlands with his uncles were noted. This example of fleeing from something proceeded all through his lifetime. WRIGHTS FIRST BREAK In 1887, at twenty years old, Frank Lloyd Wright moved to Chicago. During the late nineteenth century, Chicago was a blasting, insane spot. With instruction in building from the University of Wisconsin, Wright got a new line of work as a sketcher in a Chicago engineering firm. During this brief timeframe with the firm of J. Lyman Silsbee, Wright began his first venture, the Hillside Home for his aunties, Nell and Jane. Restlessly pushing ahead, Wright found a new line of work at outstanding amongst other known firms in Chicago at that point, Adler and Sullivan. Sullivan was to become Wrights most prominent guide. LOUIS SULLIVAN: LIEBER MEISTER Wright alluded to Sullivan as Lieber Meister (dearest ace). He appreciated his ability for ornamentation, and his expertise of drawing mind boggling plans and structures. Wright gotten on the methods of Sullivan and before long got in front of Alder in significance inside the firm. Wrights connection among him and his boss caused incredible measures of pressure among Wright and his individual artists, just as with Sullivan also, Adler. Wright was appointed the private agreements of the firm. His work soon extended as he acknowledged employments outside of the firm. At the point when Sullivan got some answers concerning this in 1893, he called Wright on a penetrate of agreement. As opposed to drop the night occupations, Wright left the firm. At the point when Wright left the organization, Sullivans amount of agreements declined rapidly. Sullivan before long ran into monetary difficulties and his global notoriety dwindled by 1920. Sullivan was before long viewed as useless to the engineering scene. He turned to liquor addiction and passed on in 1924 without recapturing the magnificence of what was held in his initial a very long time in Chicago. Living day to day AFTER THE FIRM Wright immediately developed a training in private engineering. At a certain point in his vocation, Wright would deliver 135 structures in ten years. Wright adopted an alternate strategy to engineering by planning the furnishings, light apparatuses, and different things that were in the structures that he made. He built up a one of a kind sort of engineering that was known as the Prairie style. Ruled by the flat line, the style would make-up the sort of structures planned in the 1900-1913 period of his vocation. Wright had two other particular styles and a period for every last one of them, one being the Textile square (1917-1924) and the other the Usonian (1936-1959), which is the most natural to present day world. In 1909

Valuation Principles Time Value of Money

Valuation Principles Time Value of Money If I offered you $500 now or $500 in a year, which option would you take? You might be thinking it’s a trick question and you probably will pick the correct answer intuitively (hint: it’s to take the money now!), but a proper canalization of the options can help better understand a crucial principle in financial valuation: Time Value of Money. So, let’s examine what the concept is all about and the theoretical reason for going with Option A.THE CORE CONCEPT OF TIME VALUE OF MONEYThe concept of Time Value Money (TVM) is a useful concept for everyone to understand. Aside from being known as TVM, the theory is sometimes referred to the present discount value. The concept is one of the many theories of financial management and it can help you understand the value of things more comprehensively.Instead of just knowing what the value of something is at the current moment, you should also be aware of the value in the future or indeed in the past. So, what does TVM imply? The core principle of TVM states that money at the present value is worth more than the same amount of money in the future. The statement sounds simple, but that is the beauty of TVM: the core concept shouldn’t be that difficult to grasp. If you get $500 now, the value of it will be higher than if you get $500 in a year.The explanation is also simple. If you are scratching your head thinking how can the same amount of money be more valuable now than in six months, the answer is: it has more earning potential. You are essentially able to increase the value of your $500 from the present more than the value of the $500 you get in a year. The money you receive sooner will have more time to increase in value, through interest, than the money you receive later â€" even when the actual amount is the same in value.This idea is one of the core principles of finance and if you think about it, it’s rather obvious, isn’t it? Your money can earn more interest the quicker you get it. If you want to look at what you have in a year, the $500 you get today will have more time to gain interest than the $500 you get in next year.AN EXAMPLE OF TVMCheck the introductory video of an example of the above information: You can also consider through the question I posed at the start. If you are given the option to take $500 today or $500 next year, which opt ion would you take? Now the answer rather intuitively would be to say, ‘I’ll take the$500 now, thank you very much’. After all, why would you wait a year to get your hands on the money?In this instance, your intuition is quite right, too. But it’s not just about accepting the money sooner and thus being able to go shopping straight away that makes accepting the money now better. The $500 you take today will have higher value to the $500 you’d receive in a year.Although most people would choose the first option straight away, many would make the mistake of stating the value is the same in both occasions. But the earning potential of the $500 you accept today is higher than the earning potential of next year’s $500. It is this earning potential, which increases the value of your $500.The reason the first option is more valuable is down to a few reasons, which you need to understand about the TVM. Your today’s $500 is more valuable because:The risk associated with the val ue is non-existent. You simply don’t have any risk in getting back money, which you already have.The purchasing power of the money you receive now will be higher. This is down to inflation, which can reduce the value of your $500 in a year. For instance, the $500 you receive today would have bought a lot more things 20 years ago.By taking the money later, you would face an opportunity cost. As mentioned, the money you receive now will be able earn interest longer than the money you receive in the future. The lost opportunity to earn the interest creates the opportunity cost.What does the example here tell us about TVM? It highlights the two fundamental principles of the concept: more is better than less and sooner is better than later.Let’s put the above information down into a graph format, as it can help understand the example of TVM even better. So, you’ll have two options:Option A: Take $500 now$500$500+interestNow..2 Months....4 Months....6 Months$500 â€" interest$500Opti on B: Take $500 in six monthsWHAT TO FIND OUT WITH TVMOK, so TVM tells us the rather obvious principle that you should accept the offer if someone wants to hand out money for you now, rather than wait a few years to get it. But is there anything more to the time value of money? Why should we understand things like earning potentials and value of money?TVM can help you understand a basic, yet crucial concept of finance, which is that the net value of money at different points in time is different. If you need to deal with money and investments, you should be able to understand the concept. Whether you are an investor, a business owner or just a savvy saver, the concept will be valuable in figuring out the real value of the money you receive, either true investments, savings or cash flow or income. TVM essentially helps you to understand:Investments â€" Can answer questions, such as, ‘What happens to your investment depending on the timeline of your investments?’ It’s also often used by investors to calculate the risk free rate of return, i.e. the value of a guaranteed future payment in today’s money to figure whether an investment today is worth it.Cash flow â€" Helps you figure out why the cash flow changes depending on when you receive the money.Savings â€" Useful in calculating the differences between different investment scenarios.Earnings â€" Shows the changes in your earning potential based on when you receive the income.The TVM concept is useful in understanding the true, present value of a sum, together with the possible future value of a sum. With the help of the formula, you can be fully aware of what that $5 is actually worth at this moment, as well as the earning potential it has in the future. To put it in the simplest terms, the TVM formula can help you calculate:The present value of something.  The calculation could be about the present value of things like annuities and perpetuities. This can help you evaluate whether a specific cash flo w is currently an earning or an obligation to the organization, for example.The future value of something.  Again, this might be in regards of the future value of an annuity. If you are taking out a retirement annuity, you can use the formula to count how much more you could make by starting it right now, against starting in five years, for example. Similarly, you can figure out what changes occur if you change the sum, you are putting in and so on.With the concept, you are essentially able to understand the different value money has depending on how much you have it and when you put it to use â€" whether it is through investments or savings.THE TVM FORMULASo, how can you calculate the time value of money? The formula requires you to examine the following variables:A balance â€" In the example, the balance would be $500.A periodic rate of interest â€" The interest you gain during a specific period. For example, it could be 2% each month.The number of periods â€" The number of period s of interests you’ll have. In the example, if you gain 2% each month, the number of periods would be 12 months.A series of cash flow/monetary intakeâ€"Refers to any additional money intake that might take place during the time. This is especially important when dealing with savings accounts or cash flow predictions.Let’s look at the components in another way and explore the actual formula you would use to calculate future value with TVM. The formula looks like this: What does it mean? Well, the meaning of each component is explained in the graph below and they are essentially the same as the variables mentioned above, just with a different name:FVFuture Value of Money. The equation is to solve what the future value of your amount will be. In our example, it would be about finding the value of the $500 in a year’s time.PVPresent Value of Money. The amount of money you are examining, which in the example would be $500.IInterest Rate. This is the amount you’re gaining in interest during a specific period of time. It could be 2% annual gain or a monthly interest payment.NNumber of compounding periods per year. This refers to how often the money gains interest during a year. If in our example, the interest is paid monthly, the number of compounding periods per year would be 12. If the interest was only paid once a year, it would be 1 and so on.TNumber of years. You might have more than one year of interest payments in your situation. In my questi on I only asked for a one year period, but in most actual TVM calculations you would be looking at a longer time period, such as five years or ten years.If we take the above information and calculate our little thought experiment, the calculation would look like this: After you do the math, the answer would be: The above formula is the most fundamental TVM formula that you can use. From it, you can quickly draw up the other formulas to count things like Present Value or Future Value of Annuity. For example, using the fundamental formula, the way you would calculate the Present Value of something â€" for instance, the value of an investment gain you are promised â€" using the below formula: If you were offered $10,000 in two years, what would the present value of the amount be? Using the above formula, you would be able to understand what kind of investment you are talking about in current value. This is essential to understand when considering an investment, for example.While our example of ‘take $500 now or in a year’ is a rather simplistic one, the above formula and the concept of TVM is highly useful if you are presented with the choice of two different sums. What if I had offered you to either take $500 now or $800 next year, which would you have accepted? Knowing the ‘right’ answer is easier when you understand and can calculate the TVM, as you’ll be able to know:What is the future value of the $500?What is the present value of the $800?Essentially, you are only going to need to know four of the five components to figure out the fifth. This makes the formula easy to use and to understand.COMPOUNDING AND DISCOUNTINGThe final pieces of the puzzle you need to understand with TVM are the two crucial techniques of compounding and discounting. Each one of your TVM calculations will deal with either of these techniques.CompoundingCompounding is essentially about the money moving forwards in time. It’s the process, which determines the future value of your money, such as an investment. The idea of compound growth tells you that if you have $500 today and it earns an annual interest of 2%, then your initial money will grow into something bigger in the future.Furthermore, compounding shows the future value in instances where the interest continues to add as the value goes up. What does this mean? Well if you originally invest $500 and your investment earns 2% every year, with your investment lasting five years. On the first year, you gain interest on the original $500, but after that you gain interest on the $500 + the interest from previous years. This would mean:Starting investment: $500Year One: $500 + 2% interest = $510Year Two: ($500 + 2% interest) + 2% interest = $520.20And so on. The initial amount is compounding because it gains interest on the initial amount, but also because it earns interest on the interest payments.Compounding can be used to solve three major themes of issues in regards to understanding a future value of money. These are:The future value of a single sum. If I get $500, what will it be worth in 5 years with a determined annual interest?The future value of a series of payments. If I get $500 every year, what will it be worth in 5 years with a determined annual interest?The payments needed to make in order to achieve a future value. If I want to have $10,000 in five years and I know the determined interest, how much do I need to have at the moment or invest annually to achieve this?DiscountingAs you might have guessed, discounting is the opposite of compounding. In discounting, money is moving backwards in time. The process determines what the present value of a known value in the future is. In discounting, the current value is determined by applying the opportunity cost to the value expected to be received in the future. So, if you were told to receive $500 in five years, you could determine the present value of this money with the technique of discounting. Discounting is essentially the inverse of growing.Discounting can be useful to solve three specific issues of TVM. These are:The present value of a single sum. If I’m told to have $500 in five years, with the interest standing at 2% annually what is the value today?The present value of a series of payments. If I have an annuity that pays $1,000 every month for next ten years, how much shall I pay for it, in order to gain 2% each year?The amount needed to amortize a present value. How much do I need to pay on a 10-year loan of $20,000 if the annual compound rate is 3.5%?THE BOTTOM LINETime Value of Money is an essential concept of financial theory you should be aware of. It quite literally, shows that time is mone y. The same amount of money today is different in value to the same amount in five years. The $500 today is not the same as the $500 in a year because you have more earning potential with the money you receive earlier.But as the above has shown, the TVM formula is not just good at determining the obvious â€" that you should accept an offer of money today, instead of getting the same sum later â€" but it helps solve a lot of investment and savings related problems. With the help of the formula, you can find out what the future and the present value of money is and make better spending, savings and investment calls based on this knowledge.

Analytical Essay Dead Man s Path By Chinua Achebe And A...

Angela Galazzo Professor Rubenstien English 209 7/16/17 Analytical Research Essay Before I begin my essay, I feel it is best if I explain what an Analytical Research Essay actually is. When you take the word analytical it is asking you to analyze the literature. I will be taking a deeper look into three different short stories. Two of my favorite short stories this semester were Dead Man s Path† by Chinua Achebe and â€Å"A Clean, Well-Lighted Place† By Ernest Hemingway. My third choice was a short story by Viginia Woolf called â€Å"A Haunted House.† â€Å"Dead Man’s Path† was written by a man named Chinua Achebe who was a devout christian. He was very talented and began learning English by the age of eight. While he was an undergraduate he†¦show more content†¦Like many of us in life, we carry out similar actions. Where the gain may not be worth the sacrifice. He sacrificed closing the footpath, which in the end led to a young woman in the village dying in childbed. Every actions has a consequence. Whether it will be a good or a bad one (pg 12). This short story is one I would recommend to everyone period. It gets you to the point straight and forward. Making you reflect on some of your own actions throughout life. As my grandmother always told me â€Å"Measure twice, cut once.† Ernest Hemingway’s short story â€Å"A Clean, Well-Lighted Place† focuses on the significance of life. We are given three different characters, whom each have a very different view on it. Hemingway is a very famous American author, and this was one of his shortest short stories. I was impressed and satisfied with the message he left to his readers. Here we have an old man, a young waiter, and an older waiter. The story starts off with us finding out the old man tried to commit suicide. The two waiters went back and forth as to why. As the story progresses, we start to see the demeanor of the young waiter. Who is disengaged to the older man’s situation. The older waiter gives insight as to why this old man is spending so much time in the cafe. All while trying to help guide the younger waiter to not be so self centered. I feel Theme is the best critical approach to discuss in this short story. The formula here is set with

Respect for Nature in Rime of the Ancient Mariner Essay

Respect for Nature in Rime of the Ancient Mariner The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is a parable of a seamans crime against nature (pointlessly killing an albatross) and his repentance by blessing the lowly water-snakes. Setting the poem in the Middle Ages in the then-unknown seas near Antarctica, the poet is able to make his narrative credible and give the reader what is called the willing suspension of disbelief. This seven part ballad begins as a tale told by an ancient Mariner who has grabbed hold of a Wedding Guest and captivates his will by sharing his wild tale at sea: The Wedding-Guest stood still, And listens like a three years child: The Mariner hath his will. The ancient mariner tells us about a†¦show more content†¦If we keep taking from nature, without giving her something back, we will be left without motion or water to drink. I cant help but think about the oil crisis. We rely so much on natures oil, that once its gone, we will be motionless (no cars, no electricity, no jobs). Our society is built around natures resources and without them, we would crumble. If we keep polluting her water and wasting her water, we will be without a drop to drink. Coleridge is almost a kind of prophet trying to get everyone to understand how wonderful the earth is and if we keep abusing it, we will sufferfor nature will be avenged. The lines that follow deal with death and punishment. Part 3, describes how the sailors throats unslaked, with black lips baked, We could nor laugh nor wail; Through utter drought all dumb we stood! I bit my arm, I sucked the blood, And cried, A sail! A sail! Then all the shipmates die Four times fifty living men, (And I heard nor sigh nor groan) With heavy thump, a lifeless lump, They dropped down one by one. And so the ancient mariner was Alone, alone, all, all alone, Alone on a wide wide sea! A never a saint took pity on My soul in agony. He satShow MoreRelatedâ€Å"The Central Message Of A Story Is The Big Idea Or Lesson891 Words   |  4 Pagesfor his work throughout the Romantic Movement. One of his more famous texts is his poem, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. Many messages can be derived from Samuel Coleridge’s poem, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, three of these messages include living your life thoughtfully, all life is precious, and treat all life with re spect. One message from Samuel Coleridge’s poem, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, is to live your life thoughtfully. This story supports the idea that all actions that you takeRead MoreThe connection of man and nature in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner Coleridges poem The Rime of800 Words   |  4 PagesThe connection of man and nature in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner Coleridges poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner can be interpreted in many different ways regarding the question of the relationship between the man and the nature. According to Geoffrey H. Hartman Coleridges poem traces the dim and perilous way of a soul that has broken with nature and feels the burdenous guilt of selfhood (48). Robert Penn Warren explains his perception and â€Å"the primary theme in this poem as the theme ofRead More Treatment of Nature by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge1027 Words   |  5 Pagesthey treated in their writing. One of the primary differences between the two is how each treats nature in his work. Wordsworth, in his self-proclaimed writing like the common man, often expresses a nostalgic appreciation for nature, as can be seen in â€Å"Tintern Abbey†. On the other hand, Coleridge’s character, the mariner from â€Å"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner,† scorns nature and only learns to respect it, not necessarily to love it. Coleridge treats the supernatural far more than Wordsworth, and itRead MoreThe Three Messages From Rime Of The Ancient Mariner855 Words   |  4 Pages The three messages from Rime (The Rime of the Ancient Mariner) By: Samuel Taylor Coleridge What is the meaning of the word respect? Is the meaning of the word supposed to mean kindness? In the poem, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner by Samuel Taylor Coleridge has one specific moral of the story, and that is remember to love the big and the small things in life. There are so many things we take for granted and realize afterwards what had happened. The craziness of life can be differentRead MoreFrankenstein Comparison to the Rime of the Acient Mariner Essay872 Words   |  4 Pagesboy into a vindictive, vengeful man. He oversteps the bounds of science by becoming the creator of a being that never should have lived. In the poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, written by Samuel Coleridge, a man, much like Victor, takes the role of the main character. The ancient mariner, by killing the albatross, violates the laws of nature and has to repent for his crime. These two characters are very similar but they also vary in several key ways. Both characters have issues with knowledgeRead MoreRomanticism And Its Influence On Our Own Era1250 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom traditional small community life o much more condensed, anonymous population structures built around factory work. This enormous revolution in many ways, posed a threat to nature and humanity as the new world knew it. Romantics strive to cry out against what they often perceived as our weakening connection with nature, with one another, and with our own inner selves. Sometimes they expressed this through fear and literary protest; sometimes though the joyful celebration of the kinds of connectionsRead MoreEssay Biblical Symbolism in Rime of the Ancient Mariner1004 Words   |  5 PagesSamuel Taylor Coleridges poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, written in 1797, has been widely discussed throughout literary history. Although critics have come up with many different interpretations of this poem, one idea that has remained prevalent throughout these discussions is the apparent religious symbolism present throughout this poem. The Ancient Mariner contains natural, gothic, and biblical symbolism; however, the religious and natural symbolism, which coincide with one another,Read MoreThe Rime of the Ancient Mariner Essay634 Words   |  3 PagesGod. In The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, the mariner is willing to repent. After committing his sins against nature, he comes to realize that it is not to be taken for granted. By realizing and expressing the beauty that nature is, the mariner is granted his forgiveness in return for penance; his telling of this story. The mariner commits his sins right at the beginning of his voyage. He has no respect for nature and does not realize that it is nature which providesRead MoreEssay on The Rime of the Ancient Mariner Analysis878 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner† by Samuel Taylor Coleridge The poem, â€Å"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner,† by Samuel Taylor Coleridge is a truly imaginative work utilizing the familiar yet timeless themes of good fortune, the power of Mother Nature, and adventurous voyages over the sea. The Mariner relates the bone-chilling tale of his adventure to a guest at a wedding in his native country. Although the guest succumbs to the Mariner’s tale, he is eager to get to the wedding, which is about to startRead MoreWilliam Wordsworth And The Rime Of The Ancient Mariner1490 Words   |  6 Pagesliterary movements, Romanticism emerged in the late 18th century with numerous poets that hoped to inspire innovation through new topics and forms of writing. These poets introduced subjects such as individualism, imagination, the supernatural, and nature (Damrosch 8). Writing some of the most acclaimed poems, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth were some of the principal poets who wrote about the natural world and redefined poetry ’s aesthetic, creating poems that differed from the classic

Summary of Human Resource Management Free Essays

It is very important that human research management to transform from being primarily administrative and operational to strategic partner. The reason is it important is because the human resource department plays a crucial role in determining the culture of an organization. Human resources promote and implement policies and procedures. We will write a custom essay sample on Summary of Human Resource Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now The key areas are hiring practices, compensation, management relations and employee conduct and behavior. The decisions made by the human resources department will effect an organization in a positive or negative way. The areas that will feel the impact or challenges will be creating awareness, compensation plans, hiring practices and behavior. â€Å"The role of the Human Resource Manager is evolving with the change in competitive market environment and the realization that Human Resource Management must play a more strategic role in the success of an organization. Organizations that do not put their emphasis on attracting and retaining talents may find themselves in dire consequences, as their competitors may be outplaying them in the strategic employment of their human resources†. The human resources department can give the benefit of showing management what the culture is really like. What is revealed may lead to positive changes in the organization culture, it could also lead benefits that the employee’s need. The human resource office can also help management decide if there is a need for change or eliminate programs that are not necessary. The human resource depart is vital when it comes to compensation because it is responsibility for the design or layout programs for the organization. A lot depends on how well the human resource department does their job, such as the positive and negative impact on organizational culture. It is instrument that the HR department creates a plan with an incentive program for employees, which could motivate the employees and increase productivity. If productivity is up, then I believe they are headed in the right direction. The human resource department also determines the hiring and recruiting practices used by the organization, which has a great impact on the organizational culture. The relationships between a successful business and Human Resource Management have to be incorporated into an organizations plans and strategies to be able to maintain longevity of success. The history of the development of human resource management can be traced back to the early 1900s. Human resource manager’s original function was to basically manage the relationship between businesses and labor unions. Galbraith and Nathanson developed a model for the human resource management function that divided the human resource management function into four basic sub functions. The human resource management function was divided into seven parts. Human resource management are viewed as an essential part of an organization, also seen as a necessary to deal with labor unions. Human Resource Management focuses on securing, maintaining, and employing an effective work force, which organizations can strive. Human Resource Management involves a variation of activities, which include recruitment, and screening employees, preparing training needs, analyze human resource forecasts, compensation systems, and an understanding of the laws. The Human Resource Management function has evolved significantly since the early 1900. The Correctional Service of Canada (CSC) was undergoing a renewal period. With renewal and change, it is essential for the human resource management function to adopt a strategic role in order to support and enable CSC ‘s business drivers. CSC is in the people business, and people and positive relationships comprise our most important asset; this is essential for fulfilling our public safety mandate. Every person at CSC has a role to play in helping to achieve the results set out in this Plan. CSC ‘s managers have shared accountability for these results. The Assistant Commissioner Human Resource Management is accountable for setting the foundation and people services that will enable managers to meet their business goals efficiently and effectively. The Deputy Commissioners and Assistant Commissioners, and managers and supervisor within their region or sector, are accountable for the implementation of good human resource management to provide a healthy workplace and ensure a productive and innovative workforce, and enabling learning and development. Employees are responsible for being a partner to create a healthy workplace, productive and innovative workforce, and for their learning and development. Regional support for the Plan will be assumed primarily by the Assistant Deputy Commissioners of Corporate Services. [Full description of figure: CSC’s Program Activity Architecture] This Strategic Plan for Human Resource Management covers the period of 2009-2010 to 2011-2012. The Plan integrates CSC’s business lines as found in the Program Activity Architecture and as outlined in the CSC Report on Plans and Priorities (RPP). In December 2007, after completing an in-depth review of the federal correctional system, an Independent Review Panel delivered its report, A Roadmap to Strengthening Public Safety. The human resource management priorities are aligned with the Review Panel’s observations and recommendations. The CSC Review Panel endorsed CSC ‘s Strategic Plan for Human Resource Management for 2007-2008 to 2010-2011. The Review Panel developed a set of recommendations to respond to issues that came out of discussions with frontline staff and to the underlying issues CSC must address in order to further the strategic priorities outlined in the Plan. The following chart provides a summary of the Panel’s recommendations. These recommendations are integrated throughout this plan. Full description of figure: Human Resource Management] In endorsing the previous Strategic Plan for Human Resource Management , the Panel stated that â€Å"CSC ‘s priorities in matters related to human resource management must ensure that practices are robust and effective to allow the organization to deliver on its key operational priorities and other activities in a cost effective manner, and that this is done in a way that is consistent with public service values that are essential to a healthy workplace and to the confidence and trust of Canadians. † 2 This statement is as true today as it was then, a nd while the previous 2007 CSC Strategic Plan for Human Resource Management achieved a number of milestones and brought ownership and accountability to CSC leaders by placing important HR issues on the organization’s agenda, there is still much work to be done. This Plan builds on the results of the initiatives put forth in the previous plan and continues to build on those important achievements to further support the organization in meeting its evolving business needs and the Government’s overall public safety agenda. Regional and Sector activities in the area of human resource management and services flow from this Strategic Plan. Integrated into the foundation of services provided by human resource professionals in all regions and at national headquarters in support of CSC activities, are plans and measures related to CSC priorities. Of importance in the medium and longer term is forging relationships and engaging our partners to continue to build on the current foundation of human resource management, and investing in our people through several key activities outlined under these three priorities. These priorities and key activities, including Public Service Renewal, will bring about improvements in human resource management in support of CSC’s transformation and business objectives. The organization that I would like to discuss is actually the United States Air Force. As the Career Assistance Advisor, I work with the hiring officials and putting the proper individuals with the right job. There is a process that the Human Resource department has to follow and it is imperative that they get it right. Each year the military need individuals in certain positions that meet certain criteria fill jobs. The HR department at Randolph Air Force base has to work closely with organizations or units to fill their manning needs in order to support their mission. There is an analysis of manning done for each career field to determine if a position needs to be filled, once that is determine, HR department matches members with the location and job. Also, each year the Air Force determines that some career fields are over manned and some are short manned. This situation creates a need for hiring for the short manned career field to meet the Air Force retention goals. The HR department works with units to fill special duty, regular and chronic critical jobs. The HR department finds out the needs and requirements for the positions from the units. Then the HR department creates the advertisement and screens the applicants that apply to ensure that they make the right decision based upon the needs and requirements. The HR department must ensure that the applicants meet the requirements, because when they do hire the individual, there is a lot that follows. The first thing to follow in getting the individual trained which might require technical school. The next step is getting the member to the new job location, which both cost the government money to do. The HR department that I deal with on a daily basis does a thorough job of ensuring that the individual is even eligible, before they go any further in the process, so by doing so save the government time, money and resources. The HR department is the key to keeping the Air Force properly manned and ready at all times for the mission. How to cite Summary of Human Resource Management, Papers

Water Quality Drinking Water Treatment

This reflective report analyses New York City’s drinking water quality and the treatment process. The paper identifies the contaminants in New York City water and analyzes these contaminants through a broad spectrum approach.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Water Quality Drinking Water Treatment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The New York City Water Report The fluoride contaminant violated the maximum requirement level in the New York drinking water. The fluoride content of 2.2 mg/L in this water is almost double the concentration level of 1.0mg/L as situated by the New York City Health Code. The calcium contaminant was very close to violating the maximum contaminant levels in the New York City drinking water. The concentration of calcium contaminant was recorded at 5.3 mg/L against an average of between 4.4 and 6.7 mg/L. Contaminant detected: Nitrate Name of the Contaminant MCL Physical properties S ources of contamination Health effects Treatment methods Nitrate 0.12mg/L Molecular formula is NO3−. The weight is 62.0049 g/molecule. It is soluble in water. Overspill from used fertilizer. Leakage from water treatment tanks. Sewage runoff. Natural erosion from deposits. Toxicosis: may lead to methemoglobinemia (blue baby) condition characterized by lack of enough oxygen in the vital body organs. May lead to death of animals when the concentration in drinking water over 70%. Oxidation of excess nitrate is necessary in water treatment. The oxidizing agent that can be used is the ozone. The ozone will oxidize all the nitrites in into the less toxic nitrates. Water Treatment Plant Configuration Water in its natural source is often subject to fecal contamination, primarily derived from processes of decomposition of organic nitrogenous material present in water. While ammonia (ammonium) and nitrites indicate an organic contamination, there are several harmless contaminants p resent in water such iron and calcium among others. The diagram below represents a typical water treatment plant summarizing the processes involved in water treatment. Schematic water treatment diagramAdvertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Steps involved in the water treatment Step 1: Screening The raw water is passed through a sieving screen to eliminate relatively large pieces of foreign material such as rocks, leaves, and sticks. At this stage, Potassium permanganate chemical may be used when the raw water has traces of algal bloom. Step 2: Coagulation This involves passing the raw water into a coagulation tank where visible particles that remained after the screening stage are separated and channeled to an ejection tank for farm use. Step 3: Sedimentation The water is then moved to a special tank that is designed to allow for any remaining particle in the water to patch up at the base of the sediment tank. Step 4: Filtration The dual media in the filtration tank consisting of anthracite and sand ensures that all the visible pollutants are eliminated. Step 5: Disinfection Regulated amount of chlorine is passed into the water to inactivate any pathogens that might have passed through the previous steps. At this stage, controlled quantity of fluoride ingredient is added to the disinfected water to reduce incidences of tooth discoloration and decay upon use of this water. Step 6: Storage and distribution The fully treated water is then channel to storage tanks for a while before being distributed to the final user.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Water Quality Drinking Water Treatment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion Water treatment is carried out by using special purification equipments that measured the 4 parameters of contamination (nitrates, phosphates, chlorides and s ulfur). However, the concentration of each parameter detected varies due to the conditions and flow of water from its source. There are significant differences between the parameters, pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen in different water sources. This essay on Water Quality Drinking Water Treatment was written and submitted by user Marc Shelton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Rhetorical Questions for English Learners

Rhetorical Questions for English Learners Rhetorical questions can be defined as questions that are not really meant to be answered. Rather, rhetorical questions are asked in order to make a point about a situation or to point out something for consideration. This is a very different usage than yes/no questions or information questions. Lets quickly review these two basic types before moving on to rhetorical questions. Yes/No questions are used to quickly get an answer to a simple question.  They are usually answered with the short response using only the auxiliary verb. For example: Would you like to come with us tonight?Yes, I would. Did you understand the question?No, I didnt. Are they watching TV at the moment?Yes, they are. Information questions are asked using the following question words: WhereWhatWhen / What timeWhichWhyHow many / much / often / far / etc. Information questions are answered in full sentences. For example: Where do you live?I live in Portland, Oregon. What time does the movie start?The movie starts at 7:30. How far is it to the next gas station?The next gas station is in 20 miles. Rhetorical Questions for the Big Questions in Life Rhetorical questions pose a question that is intended to make people think. For example, a conversation might begin with: What do you want to do in life? Thats a question we all need to answer, but its not easy... How much time does it take to become successful? Thats an easy question. It takes a lot of time! Lets take a look at what success requires so that we can get a better understanding.   Where do you want to be in 15 years? Thats a question that everyone should take seriously no matter how old they are. Rhetorical Questions to Draw Attention Rhetorical questions are also used to point to something important and often have an implied meaning. In other words, the person who poses the question is not looking for an answer ​but wants to make a statement. Here are some examples: Do you know what time it is? - MEANING: Its late.Who is my favorite person in the world? - MEANING: You are my favorite person.Wheres my homework? - MEANING: I expected you to turn in the homework today.What does it matter? - MEANING: It doesnt matter. Rhetorical Questions to Point Out a Bad Situation Rhetorical questions are also often used to complain about a bad situation. Once again, the actual meaning of the quite different than the rhetorical question. Here are some examples: What can she do about that teacher? - MEANING: She cant do anything. Unfortunately, the teacher isnt very helpful.Where am I going to find help this late in the day? - MEANING: Im not going to find help this late in the day.Do you think Im rich? - MEANING: Im not rich, dont ask me for money. Rhetorical Questions to Express a Bad Mood Rhetorical questions are often used to express a bad mood, even depression. For example: Why should I try to get that job? - MEANING: Ill never get that job!Whats the point in trying? - MEANING: Im depressed and I dont want to make an effort.Where did I go wrong? - MEANING: I dont understand why Im having so many difficulties lately. Negative Yes/No Rhetorical Questions to Point to a Positive Negative rhetorical questions are used to suggest that a situation is actually positive. Here are some examples: Havent you had enough awards this year? - MEANING: Youve won a lot of awards. Congratulations!Didnt I help you on your last exam?  - MEANING: I helped you on your last exam.Wont he be excited to see you? - MEANING: He will be very excited to see you. Hopefully this short guide to rhetorical questions has answered any questions you may have on how and why we use them. There are other types such as question tags to confirm information and indirect questions to be more polite.

Phoneme Definition and Examples in English

Phoneme Definition and Examples in English In linguistics, a phoneme is the smallest sound unit in a language that is capable of conveying a distinct meaning, such as the s of sing and the r of ring. Adjective: phonemic. Phonemes are language-specific. In other words, phonemes that are functionally distinct in English (for example, /b/ and /p/) may not be so in another language.  (Phonemes are customarily written between slashes, thus /b/ and /p/.) Different languages have different phonemes. Etymology: From the Greek, sound Pronunciation: FO-neem Examples and Observations The central concept in phonology is the phoneme, which is a distinctive category of sounds that all the native speakers of a language or dialect perceive as more or less the same...[A]lthough the two [k] sounds in kicked are not identical- the first one is pronounced with more aspiration than the second- they are heard as two instances of [k] nonetheless...Since phonemes are categories rather than actual sounds, they are not tangible things; instead, they are abstract, theoretical types or groups that are only psychologically real. (In other words, we cannot hear phonemes, but we assume they exist because of how the sounds in languages pattern as they are used by speakers.) (Thomas E. Murray, The Structure of English:  Phonetics, Phonology, Morphology. Allyn and Bacon,  1995)Two points need to be stressed: (1) the most important property of a phoneme is that it contrasts with the other phonemes in the system, and hence (2) we can only speak of the phoneme of some particular speec h variety (a particular accent of a particular language). Languages differ in the number of phonemes they distinguish...but every valid word in every language necessarily consists of some permissible sequence of that languages phonemes. (R.L. Trask,  A Dictionary of Phonetics and Phonology. Routledge, 2004) An Alphabetical Analogy: Phonemes and Allophones The concepts of phoneme and allophone become clearer by analogy with the letters of the alphabet. We recognize that a symbol is a despite considerable variations in size, colour, and (to a certain extent) shape. The representation of the letter a is affected in handwriting by the preceding or following letters to which it is joined. Writers may form the letter idiosyncratically and may vary their writing according to whether they are tired or in a hurry or nervous. The variants in the visual representations are analogous to the allophones of a phoneme, and what is distinctive in contrast to other alphabetic letters is analogous to the phoneme. (Sidney Greenbaum, The Oxford English Grammar. Oxford University Press, 1996) Differences Between Members of a Phoneme We cannot rely on the spelling to tell us whether two sounds are members of different phonemes. For example...the words key and car begin with what we can regard as the same sound, despite the fact that one is spelled with the letter k and the other with c. But in this case, the two sounds are not exactly the same...If you whisper just the first consonants in these two words, you can probably hear the difference, and you may be able to feel that your tongue touches the roof of the mouth in a different place for each word. This example shows that there may be very subtle differences between members of a phoneme. The sounds at the beginning of key and car are slightly different, but it is not a difference that changes the meaning of a word in English. They are both members of the same phoneme. (Peter Ladefoged and Keith Johnson, A Course in Phonetics, 6th ed. Wadsworth, 2011)

Radisson hotels and resorts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Radisson hotels and resorts - Essay Example Accounting plays a very crucial and essential role in every trade, business and institution. A lot of people is under the assumption that accounting is similar to book-keeping, but in actual sense, book-keeping is just a subset of accounting. So, what is accountingAccounting is a system that provides quantitative information about finances. ("The Free Dictionary" by Farlex). Accounting covers a wide range of tasks from updating and maintaining of accounting records; recording of business transactions; accounts balancing and reconciliation; accounts reporting amongst others. An accounting system is in short, an information system that facilitates the process of accounting: bookkeeping (recording), classification, reporting and interpretation of business transactions.In the conventional form of accounting (manual accounting), multiple books are being kept for different tasks/different accounts and this resulted in data duplication. As with data duplication: increased data means increas ed possibilities of errors; updates to data has to be ensured that all the matching records are updated- otherwise it will result in data being out of synchronisation. Manual accounting is a very labour intensive and time consuming process.However, the modern day technology has brought about various accounting systems that optimise the accounting process, resulting in greater efficiency and increased effectiveness. The automated accounting systems also promote a higher level of accuracy and tighter security. This paper is written based on the implementation of SAGE ACCPAC accounting system by the Radisson Hotels and Resorts. Brief Overview: Radisson Hotels and Resorts (Carlson Hospitality Worldwide) Radisson Hotels and Resorts operates, manages and franchises over 430 hotels and resorts, in 59 countries. It is part of Carlson Hospitality Worldwide whose parent is Carlson Companies, Inc., one of the largest privately owned corporations in the United States. As their hotels and resorts were using a wide variety of accounting systems, it resulted in reduced efficiency and higher operational cost. It was also more time consuming and staff intensive to consolidate the financial data from the different systems. These prompted Radisson to sought for a better solution to integrate their financial systems. (ACCPAC International Inc, 2002) SAGE ACCPAC ERP (formerly known as ACCPAC Advantage Series ) Sage ACCPAC ERP is a sophisticated, robust accounting and operations system. Radisson opted to implement the Sage ACCPAC with ACCPAC online. The ACCPAC Online provides the same power and flexibility as SAGE ACCPAC, and has an additional benefit: complete accessibility to the accounting system through a standard web browser. Because Sage ACCPAC ERP is very robust, its capability can be extended to be more than just an accounting system. Sage ACCPAC has built their software solution in a modular design, which means, customers can 'mix and match' the modules to fit to their needs. Radisson's customised solution is a combination of the following Sage ACCPAC modules: General Ledger Accounts Payable Accounts Receivable Inventory Control Module Purchase Orders Module Payroll Module General Ledger Module The General Ledger module is the main module (foundation) of any accounting system, and therefore, understanding the capability of this module is the most important. This ACCPAC General Ledger module fully integrates with the other ACCPAC advantage Series modules. It offers a flexible account structure, and budgeting capabilities. It is also used to generate financial reports, and provides the ability to drill down to originating transaction in other modules such as Accounts Receivable and Accounts Payable. Accounts Payable Module The Accounts Payable module provides a set of accounting and reporting features to manage the detailed information such as vendor record, transaction processing, flexible cash disbursement and full check reconciliation. The database is designed in a way where user can access

Perspectives on Policing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Perspectives on Policing - Essay Example The police force is given a mandate to oversee the public relationship therefore public service function is one of the most important aspects of the function of a police. In servicing the public, the police therefore are involved in an array of activities that are meant to ensure an enabling atmosphere of life in the public. In this regard, they integrate important function like management and directing of traffic, directing tourists, attending to emergences, and other functions beyond their normal function of arresting and container law breakers. Therefore we can say that the public needs policing in order to be effective. This shows that the police will need to effective in their work in order to deal with various issues that arise in the management of order in the public. The force will need to be well prepared and well adapted to these challenges. The public is diverse so is the problems that the police needs to address in the public. Therefore one of the most important issues that the police need to have is diversity in their training and in their composition of the force in order to address effectively all these issue. There need to have diversity in gender, training, and other aspects in order to function well. Lack of diversity may constrain their service to the public since the force will not be well prepared to cope with some of these challenges. Failure to deliver services will not be the only negative outcome of lack of diversity but it will also be compounded by bad perception by the public which many mirror the ineffectiveness of the force. (Joan 1998, P. 470) Policing function and diversity As we have stated diversity in the police force is one of the most important aspects that should be looked at. This is due to the effect that it's likely to have on the overall perception and the effectiveness of the police force. Lack of diversity my constitution the enforcement of also as it may be difficult to offer effective services especially to the marginalised groups. It is imperative for all communities to feel represented in the police force also have faith and feel secure. It has been shown that there is increasing malfunctioning of the police force as a result of lack of faith and mistrust between different ethnic groups depending on the way they feel represented in the force. In major cities in the world, there has been increasing conflicts between minority ethnic groups and the majority police force e.g. in the US there is increasing conflict between the white police and the Black American youths who feel that they are not represented in the police force. As a result, t here may be public reluctance to give information to the police for and hence undermines the issue of communicating policing. The public or the police are also likely for decline of appear as witness due to the relationship between the two. It has been shown that some of the crimes that are committed especially in the low income areas are due to marginalisation of these areas since they are not well represented in the police force. (Spencer and Hough 2000, p. 82) When the marginalised groups feel that they are not well represented, they may resource to criminal activities or organisation of criminal gangs which assume the role of protecting the public where police have failed. There is also a likely hold the police order will not be recognised in the

Infective Endocarditis Caused by Viridans Streptococci

Infective Endocarditis Caused by Viridans Streptococci Case Study 1: Infective endocarditis caused by viridans streptococci Case Study 2: Haemorrhagic fever caused by Ebolavirus Case Study 1 Subject is a 48-year-old man with a history of mitral valve regurgitation who presents with a 10-day history of fatigue, fever and general malaise. Some reddish lesions are noted on his palm, which he has never noticed before. He denies any cough, but has mild new shortness of breath with exertion and with lying down flat at night in bed. He is generally in good health except for a root canal operation approximately 3 weeks previously. The history of mitral valve regurgitation is thought to be secondary to rheumatic fever as a child. Heart examination is notable for a loud systolic murmur best heard at the left sternal border with radiation over to the axilla. Lungs are clear and abdominal examination is normal. Skin examination is significant for several scattered reddish lesions over his palms and soles that are not painful when pressure is applied. Lab tests: Blood count shows WBC 14.8 with 86% neutrophils; blood cultures grew out gram-positive cocci in chains that are alpha haemolytic on horse blood agar. Evidence for Diagnosis Mitral valve regurgitation would account for the fatigue, and also the shortness of breath in the patient, however other symptoms are present that this alone cannot explain. The first of these is the fever suffered by the patient, which would signify an infection. The second is the presence of lesions on the palms and soles; Petechiae such as these, known as Janeway lesions, are an indicator of endocarditis (O’Connor, 2002), and the patient’s history of mitral valve regurgitation, along with a recent history of root canal work confirm that this is a likely diagnosis. The lungs and abdomen of the patient are clear, as would be expected in a case of endocarditis, however examination of the heart sounds displayed a clear murmer. The patient’s blood results showed clear signs of infection, with leukocytosis and elevated neutrophil count. The bacteria cultured from the patient’s blood can be easily identified as Streptococci, and since this is known to be a cau sative organism of endocarditis (Brooks, Butel and Morse, 2004, pp.197), it makes the diagnosis very likely. Further Testing Required While the diagnosis in this case should be straight forward due to bacteraemia and presence of peripheral stigmata, according to the Duke criteria, which is used as a tool for diagnosis of infective endocarditis, this patient would be classified as having only possible infective endocarditis. As they display some of the necessary pathologic and clinical criteria, they would need further tests to determine if it was definitely infective endocarditis (Li et al., 2000). The Duke Criteria was developed by Durack et al. (1994) as a means of better distinguishing infective endocarditis from other causes of cardiac problems; these were evaluated as being superior to previous methods for diagnosis (Bayer et al., 1994)(Cecchi et al., 1997)(Hoen et al., 1995) The criteria have been used since, though there have been studies done into improving the criteria further. According to these criteria, the patient’s diagnosis could be confirmed by carrying out other tests such as an ECG, echocar diogram, and chest x-ray, to exclude other possible cardiac problems. However, the patient would also meet two major criteria, and therefore be classified as definite infective endocarditis if two further cultures of blood grew causative bacteria. While the most likely causative organism is viridans streptococci, as Streptococcus pneumonia is more commonly associated with bacterial pneumonia or meningitis, the two can be differentiated quite simply by testing with optochin. S. pneumonia are susceptible to this microbial agent, where viridans streptococci are resistant. Suspending the bacteria in bile salts would also provide a suitable distinction, as S. pneumonia would lyse, where viridans streptococci are insoluble (Brooks, Butel and Morse, 2004, pp.197). Endocarditis as a result of streptococcal infection Microbiology Many textbooks, and in fact some journal articles refer to the group of streptococci which cause endocarditis by the name Streptococcus viridans, however this is actually a misnomer, as the viridans streptococci are actually a group of several different bacteria, and are referred to as viridans simply because they produce a green halo when grown on blood agar (Elliott et al., 1997, pp.30-1). Viridans streptococci are often found resident in abundance in the mouth, where they are usually commensal, or cause only mild infections; once in the blood stream, these usually passive bacteria can become pathogenic, and lead to endocarditis upon reaching the heart (Brooks, Butel and Morse, 2004, pp.197). The bacteria are able to proliferate in structurally abnormal valve surfaces and gradually lead to the destruction of the valves, resulting in regurgitation (O’Connor, 2002). Those valves damaged by rheumatic fever are particularly prone to infection (Heritage, Evans and Killington, 1999, p.185). Symptoms The physical symptoms suffered by the patient are a result of the body’s response to the infection; the fever and general malaise suffered by the patient would be as a result of cytokine generation from the low-grade infection, and the petechiae in the skin, known as Janeway lesions, are the result of immune complexes being deposited in small vessels there (O’Connor, 2002). Prophylaxis Any patient, such as the one here, assessed from their previous medical history to be at risk from endocarditis, should be given prophylactic treatment before undergoing invasive dental surgery. The current guidelines outlined by Ramsdale et al. (2004) recommend amoxicillin for this purpose, or clindamycin for those allergic to penicillin. This particular patient would only be considered a moderate risk according to the new guidelines, so there would be no need for gentamicin, however those considered at high risk would be given this intravenously in addition to IV amoxicillin/clindamycin. Treatment A combination of penicillin and gentamicin are used to treat streptococcal endocarditis. While studies have found that there is only a limited resistance to penicillin in sufferers at present, vancomycin can be used a viable alternative in those allergic to penicillin and those with more resistant strains (Johnson et al., 2001). For those who do not respond to antimicrobial treatment, surgery is often a viable option, replacing the infected valves. While not always successful, this offers an improved prognosis for those where other treatment is unsuccessful (Moon et al., 1997). Prognosis If left untreated, infective endocarditis is always fatal, as the destruction of a valve will prevent the heart from working. Even if treated, the disease carries a high morbidity and mortality rate. The factors which impact strongest on prognosis are uncontrolled infection and congestive heart failure. It is for this reason that early diagnosis and antimicrobial treatment is necessary. However, constant improvements in surgical procedures are leading to a better prognosis for those not responding to treatment (Karth et al., 2002). It could be reasoned that these advances in surgery will become even more important in prognosis as incidences of antimicrobial resistance increase, which is surely inevitable judging by trends in other bacterial infections such as Staphylococcus aureus. Case Study 4 A 34-year-old woman researcher studying chimpanzee behaviour in the Ivory Coast found several of the animals were dying. She dissected one several hours after it died and found that it had died of haemorrhage, and had non-clotting blood. She wore household gloves, but no mask or gown during the dissection. Eight days later she developed a fever and headache, which did not respond to malaria treatment. Five days into her illness, she developed vomiting, diarrhoea, a rash, and renal failure. Antibiotics did not improve her condition and she was transported home in isolation. The patient is lethargic but communicative. She has lymphadenopathy. Her lung exam is normal. She has a mildly tender and enlarged liver and spleen. Lab tests: She has a white blood cell count of 3.6, haematocrit of 40, and low platelets of 83. She has a low fibrinogen of 0.8. Her clotting times are normal, however. Serological tests for anthrax, dengue fever, chikungunya, yellow fever, Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever, Marburg virus, Rift Valley fever, Lassa fever, and Hantavirus are all negative. Evidence for Diagnosis The history of the patient suggests that she is suffering from something that has arisen from her contact with an infected chimpanzee. While a number of zoonotic diseases are known to be prevalent in the African continent, the majority of those have already been ruled out by negative test results. One which has not is the Ebolavirus, which gives rise to Ebola haemorrhagic fever. Transmission of the Ebolavirus from dead animals has been documented in the past, including in the Ivory Coast (WHO, 2004; CDC, 2005). The onset of the patient’s symptoms fits with the known timescale for the Ebolavirus of 2 to 21 days; the fever and headache which she experienced are classic symptoms. Later in the disease sufferers also usually develop diarrhoea, vomiting, and possibly a rash (CDC, 2005). It would obviously be expected that antibiotics would bring no improvement to the illness, as the infection is viral. In a physical examination, it would be expected that a patient infected with Ebolavirus would have an enlarged liver and spleen, as this is where virus replication is particularly proliferant. Sanchez et al. (2004) also specifies the lungs as also being one of the main sites of virus replication, implying that the patient should be suffering from tenderness of the lungs also, however this evidence is taken from studies into the Sudan strain of Ebolavirus, and this is much more likely to be the Ivory Coast strain, so some symptoms may differ. In the laboratory examination, it is expected to see a normal haemocrit, accompanied by leucopenia and thrombocytopenia as displayed in the patient. It would be usual for the clotting time to be shortened, however this patient has low levels of fibrinogen, possibly due to some secondary cause, which may alter the clotting time, making it higher than expected. Further Testing Required While virus isolation, transmission electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription-PCR, antigen capture ELISA, and IgG or IgM antibody capture ELISA can all been used to show Ebolavirus as the causitive agent, there are conflicting reports over which techniques are preferable for use. The Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2005) suggest that in a patient at this stage of the disease, testing should be carried out for IgM and IgG antibodies, Kurosaki et al. (2006) and Towner et al. (2004) recommend RT-PCR as the most efficient technique. Ebolavirus Aetiology Ebola belongs to the filoviruses or Filoviridae, which is divided into two genera, the Ebolavirus and the Marburgvirus. The Ebolavirus genus is split into four separate species: Ivory Coast ebolavirus, Sudan ebolavirus, Zaire ebolavirus and Reston ebolavirus (Hensley et al., 2005). While the disease is zoonotic, the natural reservoir of the disease is not non-human primates; the actual reservoir and the mode of transition into apes is so far unknown, although studies are currently being undertaken on the suggestion that bats may play a role. Transmission into humans is rare, and is often one isolated case (Peterson et al., 2004), although if the proper precautions are not taken it is possible for the disease to spread in the human population. Epidemiology The disease has appeared sporadically since its initial recognition in 1976, and has occurred only in specific geographical areas as per the names of the different strains (CDC, 2005). It is generally agreed that the virus is transmitted via direct contact with the blood or bodily secretions from another infected person (Dowell et al., 1999; WHO, 2004), due to the extensive viral involvement in the subcutaneous tissue (Peters, 2005). It is believed that this is also the case among non-human primates, such as the chimpanzees, although this is so far unconfirmed (CDC, 2005). In laboratory studies, the virus has shown the ability to be spread via aerosol between rhesus monkeys (Johnson et al., 1995), and while some authors such as Heeney (2006) list the virus as being aerosol, there have so far been no such documented cases in a real-world setting between humans (CDC, 2005; Dowell et al., 1999). Symptoms The World Health Organisation (2004) lists the main symptoms of the Ebolavirus as being a sudden onset of fever, accompanied by intense weakness and muscle pain, headaches and a sore throat. After a few days this is followed by vomiting and diarrhoea, rashes, liver and kidney dysfunction and sometimes also both internal and external bleeding. Pathogenesis The pathogenesis of Ebolavirus is currently very hard to study, due to the rarity of occurrences in humans, and also due to the dangerous nature of collecting, storing and analysing samples from those cases. The illness is severe due to the ability of the virus to supress both adaptive and innate immune responses, and the ability to cause extreme inflammatory responses and intravascular coagulation (Mahanty and Bray, 2004). At the current time it is thought that monocytes and macrophages in the body are infected during the early stages of the virus, and these then carry the virus to other areas (Sanchez et al., 2004). The infected monocytes express large amounts of tissue factor, leading to intravascular coagulation, and causing tissue damage. Infected macrophages secrete cytokines which cause apoptosis of lymphocytes in tissues that are required for the acquired immune response (Peters, 2005), hence the presence of leucopenia in blood count results. The mobile infected cells carry the viral agent to lymph nodes, where the virus further replicates and is spread through the body. Upon reaching the liver, spleen and other tissues, parenchymal cells, including hepatocytes and adrenal cortical cells will become infected (Mahanty and Bray, 2004). This is what leads to the enlarged organs, and will also result in an increase in the levels of liver enzymes in the blood. Prophylaxis and Treatment Some progress has been made in the formation of vaccines, and these have proved successful in testing on non-human primates (Hensley et al., 2005). However other sources report that all attempts so far have met with outright failure (Peters, 2005). Barrier nursing techniques appear to be effective in preventing the spread of the disease (Dowell et al., 1999; Formenty et al., 1999). Prognosis The Zaire strain of Ebolavirus is reportedly the most lethal (Mahanty and Bray, 2004); there is only one reported case of a human contracting the Ivory Coast strain, presenting similarly to the patient, and they survived (Formenty et al., 1999). It is very difficult to form an accurate prognosis however due to the limited results on which to base it. References Bayer A.S., Ward J.I., Ginzton L.E. and Shapiro S.M. (1994) Evaluation of new clinical criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. American Journal of Medicine, 96 (3), pp.220-2 Brooks G.F., Butel J.S. and Morse S.A. (2004) Medical Microbiology 23rd Edition. McGraw-Hill, p.197 CDC (2005) Centres for Disease Control and Prevention [online]- November 18, 2005.- available from: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/dispages/ebola/qa.htm [cited February 2, 2007] Cecchi E., Parrini I., Chinaglia A., Pomari F., Brusasco G., Bobbio M., Trinchero R. and Brusca A. (1997) New diagnostic criteria for infective endocarditis. A study of sensitivity and specificity Eureopean Heart Journal, 18 (7), pp. 1149-56 Dowell S. F., Mukunu R., Ksiazek T. G., Khan A. S., Rollin P. E. and Peters C. J. (1999) Transmission of Ebola hemorrhagic fever: A study of risk factors in family members, Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995. Journal of Infectious Disease, 179 Suppl. 1, pp. S87-S91 Durack D.T., Lukes A.S. and Bright D.K. (1994) New criteria for diagnosis of infective endocarditis: utilization of specific echocardiographic findings, American Journal of Medicine, 96 (3), pp. 200-9 Elliott M., Hastings U., Desselberger R. and Reid G. (1997) Lecture Notes on Medical Microbiology Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing, pp.30-1 Formenty P., Hatz C., Le Guenno B., Stoll A., Rogenmoser P. and Widmer A. (1999) Human infection due to Ebola virus, subtype Cote dIvoire: Clinical and biologic presentation. Journal of Infectious Diease, 179 Suppl. 1, pp.S48-S53 Heeney J.L. (2006) Zoonotic viral diseases and the frontier of early diagnosis, control and prevention. Journal of Internal Medicine, 260, pp. 399-408 Hensley L., Jones S., Feldmann H., Jahrling P. and Geisbert T. (2005) Ebola and Marburg viruses: Pathogenesis and development of countermeasures. Current Molecular Medicine, 5, pp. 761 772 Heritage J., Evans E.G.V. and Killington R.A. (1999) Microbiology in Action. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, p. 185 Hoen B., Selton-Suty C., Danchin N., Weber M., Villemot J.P., Mathieu P., Floquet J. and Canton P. (1995) Evaluation of the Duke criteria versus the Beth Israel criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Clinical Infectious Disease,21 (4), pp. 905-9 Johnson A.P. [et al.] (2001) Antibiotic susceptibility of streptococci and related genera causing endocarditis: analysis of UK reference laboratory referrals, January 1996 to March 2000. BMJ, 322, p. 7283 Johnson E., Jaax N., White J. and Jahrling P. (1995) Lethal experimental infections of rhesus monkeys by aerosolized Ebola virus. International Journal of Experimental Pathology, 76 (4), pp. 227-236 Karth G.D. [et al.] (2002) Complicated infective endocarditis necessitating ICU admission clinical course and prognosis. Critical Care, 6 (2), pp. 149 154 Kurosaki Y., Takada A., Ebihara H., Grolla A., Kamo N., Feldmann H., Kawaoka Y. and Yasuda J. (2006) Rapid and simple detection of Ebola virus by reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification. Journal of Virological Methods, doi: 10.1016. Li J.S., Sexton D.J., Mick N., Nettles R., Fowler V.G., Ryan T., Bashore T. and Corey G.R. (2000) Proposed modifications to the Duke Criteria for the diagnosis of Infective Endocarditis. Clinical Infectious Disease, 30, pp.633-638 Mahanty S. and Bray M. (2004) Pathogenesis of filoviral haemorrhagic fevers. The Lancet, 4 (8) pp. 487-498 Moon M.R., Stinson E.B. and Miller D.C. (1997) Surgical treatment of endocarditis. Progress in Cardiovascular Diease, 40 (3) pp. 239-64 OConnor D. (2002) Pathology. Elsevier Health Sciences Peters C. J. (2005) Marburg and Ebola Arming ourselves against the deadly filoviruses. New England Journal of Medicine, 325 (25), pp. 2571-2573. Peterson A.T., Bauer J.T. and Mills J.N. (2004) Ecologic and geographic distribution of filovirus disease. Emerging Infectious Dieases, 10 (1), pp. 40-7. Ramsdale D.R. et al (2004) Dental aspects of Endocarditis Prophylaxis : New Recommendations from a Working Group of the British Cardiac Society Clinical Practice Committee and Royal College of Physicians Clinical Effectiveness and Evaluation Unit [Report]: Working Group of the British Cardiac Society Clinical Practice Committee and Royal College of Physicians Clinical Effectiveness and Evaluation, 19 April 2004. Sanchez A., Lukwiya M., Bausch D., Manharty S., Sanchez A., Wagoner K. and Rollin P. (2004) Analysis of human peripheral blood samples from fatal and nonfatl cases of Ebola (Sudan) haemorrhagic fever: Cellular responses, virus oad and nitric oxide levels. Journal of Virology, 78 (19), pp.10370-10377. Towner J.S. [et al.] (2004) Rapid diagnosis of Ebola hemorrhagic fever by reverse transcription-PCR in an outbreak setting and assessment of patient viral load as a predictor of outcome. Journal of Virology, 78 (8), pp. 4330-4341 WHO (2005) World Health Organisation Ebola Factsheet [Online]available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs103/en/index.html [cited February 2, 2007]

Law and Ethics Case Study †Nestle Essay

Many lawful and ethical issues in Public Relations come from large corporations drive to maximise profits. An example of this is Nestles unethical conduct regarding their infant milk in the early 70’s, causing a huge scandal. Along with other aggressive marketing techniques Nestle was appointing uniformed Nurses to distribute the baby formula and leaflets for free in hospitals and maternity wards in the developing world, such as in Ethiopia and Indonesia. Nestle gave new mothers this formula long enough for their own milk to dry up, therefore leading them becoming dependent on the formula, and at the time United States Agency for International Development official Dr Stephan Joseph blamed ‘reliance on baby formula for a million infant deaths every year though malnutrition and diarrheal diseases’, showing the possible effects of Nestles unethical advertising in the developing world. http://www.businessinsider.com/nestles-infant-formula-scandal-2012-6?op=1 Nestle ga ve poor health workers gifs to promote their products as well as sponsoring hospital products such as branding newborn wrist bands and nurses prescription pads to get the brand in the forefront of people’s minds and believe it has beneficial products due to healthcare support. Nestle undermined new mothers confidence in breast feeding by the promotion of its infant milk and abused the want for westernisation in the developing world. There are many issues surrounding Nestles infant milk and its promotion. Formula is less healthy for a newborn baby and considerably more expensive than breast milk. In the developing world most could not afford this expense so gave their child weak milk to make the formula last, leading to children getting sever lack of nutrients and vitamins that they require for healthy growth. The formula also requires clean water which in many places in the developing world is not available, increasing the spread of diseases and diarrhea within infants. The infant formula also lacks basic nutrients that a newborn baby needs. This shows how Nestle took advantage of the undereducated who do not understand sanitation and nutritional needs. Labels were also not translated to the countries in which the product was been distributed, so a full understanding of the product was being withheld. Nestles promotion and widespread distribution of baby formula in the developing world led to huge damage to the brands reputation globally, especially in the developed world which in turn led to a global boycott of Nestle in the late 70’s leading to a huge fall in sales figures and lack of trust in the brand. Many made Nestles unethical behaviour public including the New Internationalists expose describing the controversial marketing practices used to get thirds world mothers ‘hooked’ on formula, published in 1973. In 1974 London’s War on Want organisation also published a booklet on Nestles behaviour called the ‘baby killer’ exposing the consequences of baby formula and unethical marketing techniques. This organisation and its translators were later sued by Nestle for its publication. * Even though Nestles behaviour was seen as extremely unethical it was not illegal as no laws were in place surrounding marketing of baby food products. However, due to public outrage and awareness of Nestles unethical marketing practices hearings were held in 1978 between the US Senate, the World Health Organisation, UNICEF and the International Baby Food Action Network which led to a new set of marketing rules for baby formula and food products and by 1981 the international codes of marketing breast milk substitutes had been created. Key points of these rules are shown below. Baby food companies may not: * promote their products in hospitals, shops or to the general public * give free samples to mothers or free or subsidised supplies to hospitals or maternity wards * give gifts to health workers or mothers * promote their products to health workers: any information provided by companies must contain only scientific and factual matters * promote foods or drinks for babies * give misleading information * There should be no contact between baby milk company sales personnel and mothers. * Labels must be in a language understood by the mother and must include a clear health warning. * The labels must not include language which idealises the use of the product. http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/code_english.pdf Companies must also describe the costs and possible consequences of using the formula as an  alternative to breast milk and it must be made clear that breast milk is the healthiest option for a newborn baby. These guidelines are rules and are not laws so are not legally enforceable unless they have been incorporated into the legislature of a nation state. Many countries have incorporated the rules into law however this does not include the US or the UK. Therefore enforcement of these rules can sometimes be seen as being weak. In 1995 advertising on newborn formula was banned however many companies use loopholes to promote their products such as brand name and follow on formula advertising, and many social rights groups still accuse Nestle and other companies of stretching the rules. There are many ethical issues surrounding Nestles baby milk formula and its advertising and distribution, but due to lack of regulations at the time, no laws were broken. The product that was being distributed and marketed was infant formula which has been proved to hinder infant growth and contributes to unnecessary harm, suffering and death of babies, especially in developing countries where clean water, needed for the formula is rarely available. At the time the World Health Organisation found that babies on formula in developing countries had mortality rates five to ten times higher than those of breast fed babies, and Save the Children’s State of the World report says that ‘six months of exclusive breastfeeding are said to increase a child’s chance of survival by six times’. http://www.businessinsider.com/nestles-infant-formula-scandal-2012-6?op=1 Nestle is also seen to have abused the poor, taking advantage of the undereducated and illiterate as well as abusing the want for westernisation in the developing world. By doing this Nestle is also encouraging poverty by creating more costs for the poor as well as creating more health issues in poverty stricken areas. By providing lack of information Nestle also undermined mothers’ right to be properly informed. Nestle also used unethical promotion methods, undermining the benefits of breastfeeding and falsely advertising the need for and the nutritional value of its baby formula by using women dressed as nurses to distribute the product. On this UNICEF has said, ‘marketing practices that undermine breastfeeding are potentially hazardous wherever they are pursued: in the developing world WHO (The World Health Assembly) estimated that some 1.5 million children die  each year because they are not adequately breastfed. These facts are not in dispute.’ http://info.babymilkaction.org/nestlefree. These facts show that unethical behaviour and promotion methods by companies such as Nestle can cause greater infant deaths in the developing world. Codes and PR practise Nestles unethical behaviour, although at the time was not seen to be breaking any laws, was breaking many of the Public Relations Consultants Association codes of conduct. Below is listed the codes that Nestle breached during its push to sell infant milk in the developed world. – Inducement – Neither directly or indirectly give any financial or other inducement to public representatives – Influence – Neither propose nor undertake any action which would constitute an improper influence on public representatives, the media or other stakeholders – Accuracy – Take all reasonable steps to ensure the truth and accuracy of all information provided – Falsehood – Make every effort not to intentionally disseminate false or misleading information, exercise proper care to avoid doing so unintentionally and correct any such act promptly – Deception – Observance – Observe the principles of the UN Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights – Conduct professional activities with proper regard to public interest – Have a positive duty at all times to respect the truth and shall not disseminate false or misleading information knowingly or recklessly, and to use proper care to avoid doing so inadvertently – Every member in healthcare public relations shall ensure that information disseminated is balanced and accurate and not likely to mislead http://www.prca.org.uk http://www.ipra.org Along with breaking these codes through deception, little regard for public interest or safety and influence, Nestle can also be seen to be breaking Human rights by not providing a balanced view on the implications and effects of infant milk, an issue which is also morally and ethically wrong. Nestles behaviour, as previously mentioned did lead to a new set of marketing rules for baby formula and food products and new codes around the  marketing of breast milk substitutes. Even though they could not be legally punished or prosecuted, the implications to Nestle from this campaign were huge and greatly damaged the company’s reputation long term. Due to the huge media coverage of the scandal, as well as the many exposes that were published Nestles sales dropped considerably due to the global boycott of the brand and trust in the company was greatly damaged long term. Only time has managed to rebuild the brand as well as the release of many healthcare related products, however this is still a widely talked about unethical campaign due to the nature of the scandal, especially at a time when poverty in the developing world was at an all time high. This case study shows how large corporations will break ethical and moral codes purely to boost sales and increase profits, and also how laws and codes will be stretched and loopholes will be found to make this behaviour possible. However it also shows how long the effects of breaching ethical codes term can be and how damaging it can be to a brand reputation long term. Even though Nestle also damaged the trust in the use of infant milk and many rules were implemented on its advertisement, baby formula and follow on milk is now an eleven and a half billion dollar market worldwide, and I believe that Nestle influenced this growth, showing how companies can also benefit from public relations scandals. Bibliography * http://www.ipra.org/secciones.php?sec=1&subsec=3 * http://www.prca.org.uk/assets/files/AboutUs/Files/PRCA_Codes_of_conduct_and_Professional_charter.pdf * Article, ‘Real world examples of bad business ethics’, 18th May 2011, N Nayab http://www.brighthub.com/office/entrepreneurs/articles/115557.aspx * Business Insider, Article, ‘Every Parent should know the scandalous history of infant formula’, Jill Krasny, 25th June 2012 http://www.businessinsider.com/nestles-infant-formula-scandal-2012-6?op=1 * Baby Milk Action Briefing, January 2009 http://www.babymilkaction.org/pdfs/nestlebriefings0109.pdf * Baby Milk Action Article and Press Releases, 2012, ‘The Nestle Boycott’ http://info.babymilkaction.org/nestlefree * World Health Organisation,

Roman Achievements and Contributions - 1571 Words

Roman Achievements Jigsaw Background: The period of great cultural achievements for the Roman Empire is referred to as the Pax Romana, or â€Å"Peace of Rome.† Beginning after the Republican Wars in 27 B.C., and lasting to about 180 A.D., this era was marked by general tranquility and unity across the empire. By this time, Rome had overtaken most of the Mediterranean world and had spread its culture. Family Religion The family was the basic unit of Roman society. Under Roman law, the male head of the household, usually the father, had absolute power in the family. He enforced strict discipline and demanded total respect for his authority. His wife was subject to his authority and was not allowed to administer her own affairs. Changing†¦show more content†¦By this time, Rome had overtaken most of the Mediterranean world and had spread its culture. Art and Architecture When the Romans conquered Greece, they shipped home thousands of Greek statues. Roman sculptors did a brisk business copying Greek works, and talented Greek artists found rich patrons in Rome. In time, however, Roman sculptors developed their own styles. Greek sculptors idealized the human form, using athletes as models of perfection. Roman artists created more realistic portraits. Roman artists produced beautiful paintings to decorate walls of homes. Although few Roman paintings have survived, landscapes and scenes based on the Iliad or Odyssey were preserved in Pompeii, a city buried by the eruption of the volcano, Mt. Vesuvius, in 79 A.D. Romans also designed magnificent mosaics, which are pictures formed of chips of colored stone. While Romans borrowed many ideas in architecture, they also made important advances. From the Etruscans (the people who first lived on the Italian peninsula) and Greeks, they learned to use columns and arches. They improved on the a rch by inventing the dome, roof formed by rounded arches. 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